In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany, and Born, who was Jewish, was suspended from his professorship at the University of Göttingen. He emigrated to the United Kingdom, where he took a job at St John's College, Cambridge, and wrote a popular science book, The Restless Universe, as well as Atomic Physics, which soon became a standard textbook. In October 1936, he became the Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, where, working with German-born assistants E. Walter Kellermann and Klaus Fuchs, he continued his research into physics. Born became a naturalised British subject on 31 August 1939, one day before World War II broke out in Europe. He remained in Edinburgh until 1952. He retired to Bad Pyrmont, in West Germany, and died in hospital in Göttingen on 5 January 1970.[2]
Max Born Fisica Atomica Pdf 11
Max Born was born on 11 December 1882 in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland), which at the time of Born's birth was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia in the German Empire, to a family of Jewish descent.[3] He was one of two children born to Gustav Born, an anatomist and embryologist, who was a professor of embryology at the University of Breslau,[4] and his wife Margarethe (Gretchen) née Kauffmann, from a Silesian family of industrialists. She died when Max was four years old, on 29 August 1886.[5] Max had a sister, Käthe, who was born in 1884, and a half-brother, Wolfgang, from his father's second marriage, to Bertha Lipstein. Wolfgang later became Professor of Art History at the City College of New York.[6]
In 1912, Born met Hedwig (Hedi) Ehrenberg, the daughter of a Leipzig University law professor, and a friend of Carl Runge's daughter Iris. She was of Jewish background on her father's side, although he had become a practising Lutheran when he got married, as did Max's sister Käthe. Despite never practising his religion, Born refused to convert, and his wedding on 2 August 1913 was a garden ceremony. However, he was baptised as a Lutheran in March 1914 by the same pastor who had performed his wedding ceremony. Born regarded "religious professions and churches as a matter of no importance".[18] His decision to be baptised was made partly in deference to his wife, and partly due to his desire to assimilate into German society.[18] The marriage produced three children: two daughters, Irene, born in 1914, and Margarethe (Gritli), born in 1915, and a son, Gustav, born in 1921.[19] Through marriage, Born is related to jurists Victor Ehrenberg, his father-in-law, and Rudolf von Jhering, his wife's maternal grandfather, as well as to philosopher and theologian Hans Ehrenberg, and is a great uncle of British comedian Ben Elton.[20]
Born's position at Cambridge was only a temporary one, and his tenure at Göttingen was terminated in May 1935. He therefore accepted an offer from C. V. Raman to go to Bangalore in 1935.[64] Born considered taking a permanent position there, but the Indian Institute of Science did not create an additional chair for him.[65] In November 1935, the Born family had their German citizenship revoked, rendering them stateless. A few weeks later Göttingen cancelled Born's doctorate.[66] Born considered an offer from Pyotr Kapitsa in Moscow, and started taking Russian lessons from Rudolf Peierls's Russian-born wife Genia. But then Charles Galton Darwin asked Born if he would consider becoming his successor as Tait Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, an offer that Born promptly accepted,[67] assuming the chair in October 1936.[62]
Nacque in una famiglia di origini ebraiche, figlio di Gustav Born, professore di anatomia e embriologia all'Università di Breslavia, e di Margarete Gretchen Kauffmann. Educato al König-Wilhelm-Gymnasium, proseguì gli studi all'Università di Breslavia nel 1901, quindi all'Università di Heidelberg, in quella di Zurigo e all'Università di Gottinga, dove si laureò in fisica nel 1906. Durante gli studi entrò in contatto con diversi importanti scienziati e matematici dell'epoca, tra cui Klein, Hilbert, Minkowski, Runge, Schwarzschild, Voigt.
Professore straordinario di fisica teorica all'Università di Berlino dal 1915, dopo aver lavorato per l'esercito tedesco durante la prima guerra mondiale divenne ordinario della stessa disciplina nel 1919 presso la Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität di Francoforte sul Meno. Nel 1921 passò nella stessa cattedra all'Università di Gottinga, ove promosse e diresse i vivi dibattiti da cui prese forma la meccanica quantistica. Nel 1925, con Werner Heisenberg e Pascual Jordan, elaborò la prima formulazione completa della meccanica quantistica, nota come meccanica delle matrici; nel luglio del 1926 propose l'interpretazione di riferimento della funzione d'onda (interpretazione statistica della meccanica quantistica), definita come densità di probabilità. Per tutti questi contributi, nel 1954, quasi tre decenni dopo, gli venne conferito il premio Nobel per la fisica per la sua "fondamentale ricerca sulla meccanica quantistica, specialmente nell'interpretazione statistica della funzione d'onda."[1][2]
Max Born dette fondamentali contributi alla fisica atomica, alla meccanica quantistica, alla fisica dello stato solido, alla filosofia della scienza.[3] Oltre al Nobel, fu premiato con la Medaglia Stokes e con la Medaglia Hughes nel 1950. Tra le sue principali opere, che divennero dei classici della letteratura fisica, figurano: Dynamics of Crystal Lattices, The Mechanics of the Atom, Atomic Physics, Principles of Optics, Einstein's Theory of Relativity, Natural Philosophy of Cause and Chance, in cui tra l'altro chiarì il concetto kantiano del Ding an Sich (la "cosa in sé"), il noumeno kantiano.
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